| Some Epidemiologic Features of Viral Hemorrhagic
Fevers |
|
HF or
Fever |
Virus |
Annual
Incidence
|
Geographic
Distribution
|
Ecology |
Case:
Seasonal
Patterns
|
Zoonotic
Elements
|
Comments |
Argentine
HF
(AHF) |
Junin
(A) |
20-200 |
Northcentral
Argentina |
Temperate
pampa |
Males: corn
harvest, March to June |
Mouse, Calomys
musculinus
|
3-4 yr
rodent-disease cycle |
Bolivian
HF
(BHF) |
Machupo (A) |
<10 |
Northest Bolivia |
Tropical
savanna |
all ages, both sexes; villages,
February to July |
Mouse, Calomys
callosus |
Rodent control
successful |
Venezuelan
HF
(VNHF) |
Guanarito (A) |
0-100 |
Central Venezuela |
Tropical
mixed
savanna |
All ages, M=F; house, gardens; no
seasonality |
Mouse, Sigmondon
nalstomi |
Recently described |
Lassa
fever
(LF) |
Lassa (A) |
10,000 |
West Africa |
Tropical
forest,
savanna |
All ages, both sexes; villages; no
seasonality |
Mouse, Mastomys natalensis |
No long-term cycle; nosocomial
infections |
Congo-Crimean
HF
(CCHF) |
CCHF (B) |
10-100 |
Africa, Middle
East to West
China |
Temperate and tropical
savanna |
Adults, M>F; cattle, pasture
contact; summer
|
Livestock; crows, hares;
Hyalomma ticks |
Nosocomial infections |
Rift Valley
fever
(RVF) |
Rift Valley (B) |
200-1,000,000 |
Africa |
Temperate and subtropical
savanna |
All ages, M>F; late
summer,arthropods
|
Livestock; several mosquito
genera |
Virus dormant in mosquito eggs for
years? |
HF with renal
syndrome
(HFRS) |
Hantaan
Seol (B)
Puumula |
100,000-200,000 |
North Asia, Europe, Balkans,
Scandinavia |
Temperate forest, cultivars |
Mostly adults, M>F; fall-winter;
rodent excreta |
Mice and rats; Apodemus, Rattus,
Clethrionomys |
Long-term cycle, Puumula-
Clethrionomys |
| Hantavirus
pulmonary syndrome (HPS) |
Sin Nombre
Blk Crk Canal
New
York
Bayou (B) |
125 since 1993 |
North America, Mexico to
Canada |
Mesic savanna, moist and dry
woodlands |
Adults, M=F; latespring-summer peak,
sporadic; rodent excreta |
Mice; Peromyscus sp.
Sigmodon hispidus, ?others |
Children <12 not affected. Closed
spaces are a high risk |
Yellow fever
(YF) |
Yellow Fever (Fl) |
100-20,000 |
Tropical Africa, Amazon
basin |
Tropical rain forest,
avanna |
M>F, all ages; dry season;
arthropod contact |
Primates, including humans; tree-hole
mosquitos |
Human-mosquito cycle increasing in
Africa |
| Denegue HF (shock
syndrome) (DHF) |
Dengue types
1-4 (Fl) |
5,000-50,000 |
SE Asia, Caribbean, coastal South,
Central America |
Urban tropical |
Children <12; peak in late rainy,
early dry |
Aedes egypti > Aedes
albopictus |
Rapid increase in
Americas |
Kyasanur Forest
Disease
(KFD) |
Kyasanur Forest (Fl) |
100-400 |
Karnatake State, India |
Subtropical forest |
Adults, M>F; summer-fall, dry;
tick contact |
Monkey, bird, livestock;
Ixodid ticks |
Virus transovarial in
ticks |
Omsk
HF
(OHF) |
Omsk (Fl) |
None recent |
Western Siberia |
Tundra, steppe |
Adult males; winter; muskrat
hunt |
Vole, Arvicola terrestris;
Ixodid ticks |
Virus transovarial in
ticks |
African
HF
(AFHF) |
Marburg, Ebola (Fi) |
5-300 |
Subsaharan Africa |
Tropical, subtrop forest,
savanna |
Mainly Adults, M=F; late summer,
sporadic |
Reservoir - vector unknown |
Infrequent explosive
nosocomial |
| Abbreviations: A,
arenavirus; B, bunyavirus; Fl, flavivirus; Fi,
filovirus
|
